Composite metal foam—or CMF, for short—is a material made from hollow metallic spheres that are surrounded by a matrix that can be made from various types of metals, including titanium or even alloys. The CMF material was then sandwiched between a layer of ceramic, which served as a faceplate, and a thin aluminum backplate, to create a composite panel of armor. That’s not only a significant amount of weight savings that could improve the safety, maneuverability, and fuel efficiency of armored vehicles, the CMF panels also require considerably less raw material than solid steel for approximately the same amount of protection.

However, some people like experimenting with the new world grapes and — as you might expect, some vines found their way to Europe. Phylloxera aphids have a nose with a venom tube that poisons the plant as the bug sucks out its sap from the roots. Naturally, people argue over the taste of grafted wine vs self-rooted wine, but the overwhelming volume of wine comes from grafted vines.

Her viewers include groups that rely heavily on satellites, or people who need to know about natural events that arise from space weather—farmers, for example, or members of the US military, aurora photographers, pilots, drone operators, meteorologists, ham radio operators. Solar storms can cause airlines to reroute flights away from the poles, where radiation concentrates, so a space weather report could indicate that your flight times might change. Skov’s space weather report from May 23, 2019Space Weather Woman
Soon she became the go-to person for solar questions.

The Big Bang theory, for instance — pioneered 50 years before Hawking’s lecture by the Belgian physicist and Catholic priest Georges Lemaître, who later served as president of the Vatican’s academy of sciences — rewinds the expansion of the universe back to a hot, dense bundle of energy. In 1980, the year before Hawking’s talk, the cosmologist Alan Guth realized that the Big Bang’s problems could be fixed with an add-on: an initial, exponential growth spurt known as cosmic inflation, which would have rendered the universe huge, smooth and flat before gravity had a chance to wreck it. Likewise, Hartle and Hawking expressed the wave function of the universe — which describes its likely states — as the sum of all possible ways that it might have smoothly expanded from a point.

But carbon dioxide levels rise rapidly in poorly ventilated rooms, because exhaled air is about 4 percent carbon dioxide by volume. In the lecture hall in Helsinki, the monitor showed the concentration quickly reaching 1,000 ppm — the threshold at which a room starts feeling stuffy for most people, according to the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers. The fresh air combined with the departure of dozens of CO2-exhaling humans sent carbon dioxide levels plunging, all the way down below 600 ppm within minutes.

The state to and from which the researchers are actually looking for quantum jumps is, meanwhile, the “dark” state — because it remains hidden from direct view. That ambiguity is crucial for maintaining quantum coherence during a jump between these two states. During that silent time, the system had presumably undergone a transition to the dark state, since that’s the only thing that can prevent flipping back and forth between the ground and bright states.

A less sensitive version of this balance was also used by the NASA team when they thought their EmDrive produced thrust. When power flows to the EmDrive, the copper cone heats up and expands, which shifts its center of gravity just enough to cause the torsion balance to register force that can be mistaken as thrust. Over the course of 55 experiments, Tajmar and his colleagues registered an average of 3.4 micro-Newtons of force from the EmDrive, which was very similar to what the NASA team found.

At elementary school, he was known as “the Mayor” for the way he would enthusiastically greet anyone and everyone walking past him, his mother, Terry, tells me. And at social gatherings, he would compulsively compliment everyone on their appearance. Williams syndrome affects about one person in 10,000, and some who have it are so impulsively affectionate, and so devoid of our typical social inhibitions, that they will hug complete strangers on the street, says Jocelyn Krebs, the president of the Williams Syndrome Association (WSA) and the mother of a boy with the condition.

When University of Maryland physicist Timothy Koeth received a mysterious heavy metal cube from a friend as a birthday gift several years ago, he instantly recognized it as one of the uranium cubes used by German scientists during World War II in their unsuccessful attempt to build a working nuclear reactor. As Heisenberg himself reported, the German scientists’ final experiment failed because the amount of uranium in the cubes was insufficient to trigger a sustained nuclear reaction. During their quest, Koeth and Hiebert uncovered a box of declassified documents about German uranium in the National Archives and discovered there were about 400 other uranium cubes from a separate reactor experiment by the Gottow group.

Postdoctoral Researcher Physics, Duke University and particle physicist at CERN
I think the hottest known objects in the universe are the collision points created by heavy ion collisions like those at RHIC, at Brookhaven on Long Island, and here at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. When we collide heavy ions at about 5 tera electron Volts in the Large Hadron Collider, the LHC is both the coldest extended object in the universe—because the 27-km of magnets used to bend and steer the beam in the LHC tunnel are bathed in liquid helium at 1.9 K, colder than the 2.7 K of outer space—and is simultaneously creating the places, the collision points, with the hottest temperatures in the universe. As with the QGP, deciding when it first becomes a thermalized object depends on the definition of ‘object,’ but even ignoring the very early (and very hot) times that we can really only speculate about, it is easy to get temperatures above 100 trillion trillion degrees.