And in the race to find alternatives, one group of scientists has created a vast database cataloguing the bacteria in our guts. Eventually, the hope is to make the database cover every bacteria found in the gut – but this poses some significant challenges. “We reckon [the database] probably represents 20 per cent of all the gut bacteria, but we say that with a lot of caveats,” explains Finn.

The researchers, from University College London, used estimates of population decline during the 16th century to estimate how much farmland was reclaimed by forests during that century. All that new vegetation required a lot of carbon dioxide, and so much CO2 was pulled out of the atmosphere to fuel these growing plants that it ended up cooling the earth.Starting in the late 1500s, the entire earth went through a minor cooling period called the Little Ice Age. The immediate cause of the ice age was a drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide by around 8 parts per million.According to the recent study, the additional forests in the Americas caused around half of that CO2 loss, around 5 parts per million.

Well, according to Dr. Egler, biohacking is “getting away from traditional medicine and into more natural, healthy ways of doing things.” If that sounds about as specific as a newspaper horoscope, that’s by design: The doctors at Parsley Health claim to be able to do just about anything through natural lifestyle changes via diet, exercise, sleep, hormones, and stress reduction. According to Dr. Egler, all these things can help raise your testosterone levels, which are a key component to sexual health.

Gavin Schmidt, a climate scientist at NASA, says the message is clear: “The planet is warming. Americans escaped the worst of it last year though; while the rest of the planet cooked, the U.S. experienced only its 14th-warmest year. Last year was well above average, with 14 catastrophes in the U.S. that reached or surpassed the billion-dollar mark.

Many people who would strongly disagree, in principle, with animal cruelty also eat meat that has been raised in terrible conditions. When we understand why we eat meat that we know has been raised in poor conditions, we can begin to understand many other forms of behaviour that conflict with deeply held moral principles. According to psychologists Brock Bastian and Steve Loughnan, who do research on the topic in Australia, the “meat paradox” is the “psychological conflict between people’s dietary preference for meat and their moral response to animal suffering”.

Now, we have a picture of the lander itself, taken from orbit by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. For a sense of scale, “The sharp crater behind and to the left of the landing site is 3900 meters across (12,800 feet) and 600 meters (1970 feet) deep,” explains the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera website. If you can’t quite make out the two-pixel-wide lander in the version above, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera website has a zoomable version.

Water molecules on their own are able to absorb most of the light spectrum of sunlight, with the exception of the blue part—which is why mostly-barren swaths of the open ocean look blue in satellite images taken from space. But when there are phytoplankton in the water, they absorb and reflect back different wavelengths of light, hence the green coloring in certain areas of the oceans. Previous models looked at estimates of chlorophyll—which is contained in the phytoplankton—in the water, which can vary depending on ocean currents and isn’t a particularly good indicator of differences impacted by the changing climate.

Rhett Allain
Let’s start with a rough estimate of the pressure between Superman’s hands and the building. Now that I have the force that Superman pushes up on the building, I can also calculate the pressure. Rhett Allain
For that block on the left side of the building, there are essentially two forces.

And three degrees is much better than four, at which point six natural disasters could strike a single community simultaneously; the number of climate refugees, already in the millions, could grow tenfold, or 20-fold, or more; and, globally, damages from warming could reach $600 trillion — about double all the wealth that exists in the world today. In October, the U.N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned that the world has only a dozen years to halve its carbon emissions to safely avoid two degrees of warming and all those “catastrophic” impacts. But there are already, today, many places with existing carbon pricing — South Korea, Japan, the E.U. None of their emissions are declining fast enough to meet a goal of two degrees, according to the carbon-watchdog site Climate Action Tracker.

Many people — including physicians — associate depression with feelings of hopelessness, sadness and a lack of motivation or concentration, but not anger. Back when he was trained decades ago, Fava says, he was taught that in depression, anger is projected inward — that depressed people would be angry at themselves but not at others. Einbinder hopes that sharing his experiences will help people understand that if they’re dealing with depression and anger, “they’re not alone and there’s loads of resources out there.”